This tutorial provides an introduction and a bigger picture
required to actively participate in any energy related discussion. The energy
production and consumption numbers are related to year 2012-2013 and are
presented from Indian perspective. This
report has to be updated at least on an annual basis otherwise, it may provide a basic
understanding of the energy sector but it relevance and accuracy diminishes
over a period of time. The sources used to generate this report are listed
below and the same sources may be safely used to update this report.
Data sources
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is the
statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. US
Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects, analyzes, and disseminates
independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking,
efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with
the economy and the environment. EIA is the nation's premier source of energy
information and, by law, its data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of
approval by any other officer or employee of the U.S. Government.
The International Energy Agency (IEA; French: Agence
internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental
organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD). The IEA acts as a policy adviser to its
member states, but also works with non-member countries, especially China,
India, and Russia. The Agency's mandate has broadened to focus on the
"3Es" of effectual energy policy: energy security, economic
development, and environmental protection.
The European Environment Agency (EEA) is an agency of the
European Union. Our task is to provide sound, independent information on the
environment. It is a major information source for those involved in developing,
adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general
public. Currently, the EEA has 33 member countries. EEA helps member nations and the genera
public to make informed decisions about improving the environment, integrating
environmental considerations into economic policies and moving towards sustainability
“Energy Statistics” brought out
every year by Central Statistics Office (CSO), Ministry of Statistics and
Programme implementation Government of India, contains the latest data available
from the concerned line Ministries of the Government of India.
Fuel types
Many types of fuels such as
solid, liquid and gaseous fuels are used to generate conventional energy.
Uncoventional energy is generated by unconventional energy sources such as
wind, solar, nuclear and the like. Biomass
fuel and fossil fuel (also called hydrocarbons such as petroleum) are other
types. Renewable energies: First
generation- hydropower, biomass and geothermal. Second generation - solar and
wind. Third generation - ocean energy,
biorefinery, solar thermal power.
Different forms of energy needs a common unit to compare,
measure and accounting purposes. British
thermal unit (BTU) is one such unit. BTU
is a traditional unit of energy equal to about 1055 joules. It is the amount of
energy needed to cool or heat one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
Total primary energy produced in a country may be determined
by converting each individual type energy
produced by various means to BTU equivalent and adding all of them. BTU
equivalent of common energy units are given below.
1 barrel (42 gallons) of crude oil = 5,800,000 BTU
1 gallon of gasoline = 124,238 BTU (based on U.S. consumption, 2011)
1 gallon of diesel fuel = 138,690 BTU
1 gallon of heating oil = 138,690 BTU
1 barrel of residual fuel oil = 6,287,000 BTU
1 cubic foot of natural gas = 1,023 BTU (based on U.S. consumption,
2011)
1 gallon of propane = 91,333 BTU
1 short ton of coal = 19,858,000 BTU (based on U.S. consumption, 2011)
1 kilowatthour of electricity = 3,412 BTU = 3.6x 106 J
1BTU = 1055 Joules
An alternative energy unit used in reports published by Indian
Government agencies is Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (TOE). The conversion between the TOE and BTU is
given as,
1 toe = 39,683,205.411 BTU = 0.039 x 10-6
Quadrillion BTU
1MTOE = 0.039 Quadrillion BTU = 4.1868 x 104
Tera Joules = 41.868 Peta Joules (Peta =
1015)
Since the BTU is a small unit, large energies are expressed in
Quadrillion units. One Quadrillion=1015
on short scale which is primarily used in US by EIA.
The derivation of enery units from fundamentals is provided below
Gravitational constant is g (acceleration m/s^2)
Weight (force, Newton) = mass (kg) x g
Energy = Force x distance
Power = Energy/second
Power (watt) = Energy (joule)/s
= Force (N) x distance (m)/s
=
mass (kg) x m/s^2 x m/s
= kg m^2 / s^3
A big picture of energy scenario in India
Oil production: 21st rank in the world,
about 1% of the world's production at 990 thousand Barrels per Day
Natural gas: 19th rank in the world, about
1.4% of the world's production at 1681 Billion Cubic Feet. It is importing
about 580 Billion Cubic Feet (17th
largest cosumer in the world)
Coal: 3rd biggest producer in the world,
about 7.5% of the world's production at 640 Million Short Tons. Additionally,
India imports about 80 Million Short Tons of coal.
Elelctricity generation: (5th place) with (around 5% of the world's
total production) at around 1000 Billion Kilowatthours. Installed capacity is 208GWe (Giga Watt
energy). and Net consumption is about 700Billion Kilowatthours.
Total Primary Energy : production is 6th
largest with 16 Quadrillion BTU contributing to about 3% of worlds total
production. 4th largest consumer with 23
Qudrillion BTU consumption of primary energy.
GHG emissions: India is 4th largest
contributor of GHG emissions with 5% of total global GHG emissions with 1601 Million Metric Tons of
CO2. The projected annual percentage change in the carbon emission for the
world is 1.3% by EIA between 2010-2040. For India it is 2.1%.
Energy policy of India
India's energy policy above all
focuses on securing energy sources to meet the needs of its growing economy. Indian
policy has an aim of gaining energy independence by 2030. The strategies to be
adopted would include increased hydrocarbon production, increase in
unconventional resource share such as coalbed methane and shale, acquisition of
foreign companies by domestic companies, reduction of subsidies on motor fuels. The stretegies are intended to either
decrease the demand or to increase the enery supply. Industrial sector is the
largest consumer of energy at about 40%.
India was the fourth largest consumer of oil and petroleum products in
the world in 2011, after the United States, China, and Japan. The power sector
makes up the majority of coal consumption. Coal powered electricity generating
stations lack sufficient fuel supply leading to severe shortage of electricity.
According to an international
viewpoint, given that the service industry accounts for more than half of
India's output, further economic growth could remain relatively non-energy
intense.
India is the fourth largest
energy consumer in the world after the United States, China, and Russia. Primary energy consumption has more than
doubled between 1990 and 2011. At the same time, India's per capita energy
consumption remains lower than that of developed countries. Some parts of the energy sector, such as coal
production, remain relatively closed to private and foreign investment. India
has big coal reserves and has a healthy growth in natural gas production. India remains dependent on imported crude
oil.
According to Indian Government sources, India would reach total energy production of 669.6
million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE) by 2016-17. By, 2021-22, the projections are estimated to
be at 844 MTOE. Energy production are
estimated to meet around 71 per cent and 69 per cent of energy consumption
respectively. The balance to be met from
imports, projected to be about 267.8
MTOE by 2016-17 and 375.6 MTOE by 2021-22.
Total energy production, according to the report, is 18,734 peta joules
during 2011-12, i.e., 447MTOE or 17.57 Quadrillion BTU. (18734 / 41.868 = 447 MTOE
or 18734 / 1055 = 17.57 Quadrillion BTU)
The contribution to Indian energy production by fuel type is
as follows.
Coal and Lignite – 50%
Crude petroleum - 8.5%
Natural gas – 9.7%
Electricity – 31.4%
Coal consumption in the 12th 5 yr plan is about 980MT
Energy imports are expected to reach 53% of total
consumption by 2030. About 80% of the
crude oil consumption would be supplied through imports of about 160million
tonnes. Oil import would account for 31%
of total imports. Coal is also being
imported to fill the gap in supply due to insufficient mining and
transportation. About 18% more coal was
imported in 2010.
